Model for changes in social attitudes regarding inclusion

[Resumo] O Modelo teórico para as mudanças de atitudes em relação à inclusão foi criado a partir de estudos teóricos das atitudes sociais, da comunicação persuasiva, do processo de comunicação verbal e das funções lingüísticas. Pensamos que o uso deste modelo poderá ser um facilitador nas criações de estratégias para as mudanças de atitudes sociais em relação à inclusão. Afirmamos que para a comprovação científica deste modelo são necessários trabalhos de pesquisa com delineamentos experimentais ou quase experimentais.[Abstract] The theoretical model for changing attitudes toward inclusion was created from theoretical studies of social attitudes, persuasive communication, the process of verbal communication and linguistic functions. We think that the use of this model can be a facilitator in the creation of strategies to change social attitudes regarding inclusion. We claim that for scientific evidence of this model some research work are necessary with on experimental or quasi-experimental designs.[Resumen] El modelo teórico para el cambio de actitudes hacia la inclusión fue creado a partir de los estudios teóricos de las actitudes sociales, de la comunicación persuasiva, del proceso de la comunicación verbal y de las funciones lingüísticas. Creemos que el uso de este modelo podrá ser un facilitador en las creaciones de estrategias para cambiar las actitudes sociales con respecto a la inclusión. Nos dicen que la evidencia científica para este modelo el trabajo de investigaciones necesario sobre los diseños experimentales o cuasiexperimentales

Interfacing science and management for the Nylsvley Nature Reserve

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, August 1998Scientists possess knowledge and access to information that is critical to the management of natural resources, yet all too often this information is not effectively transferred and integrated into the management process. This lack of integration of scientific information into conservation management is a result of the barriers that exist between scientists and managers. Differences in the goals and reward systems of managers and scientists lead to managers feeling that scientists do not produce the "goods" that they require, Wh;l'! scientists claim that managers do not provide the questions for which they require answers. There is also a lack of forward thinking, goal-orientated management. As a result much of conservation management relies on irtuinvc, ad hoc decision-making which leads to It problem-by-problem curative approach (cf. adaptive management) as well as a lack of accountability and evaluation. The thesis of this study is that to overcome barriers between scientists and managers an interface must be developed between the two groups based on sound technology transfer principles (product development, transfer processes, consensus building, feedback, form and function) an,~ three primary elements - processes (which regulate the functioning of the interface), products (which are developed within the interface) and people (who 'drive' the interface), 'The overall aim of this study was to develop an interface to overcome barriers between scientists and managers at the Nylsvley Nature Reserve, Northern Province. Although much scientific information is availabJe for Nylsvley, it was not being transferred effectively to the managers. 1nere were no explicit protocols in place that identified operational goals to achieve the "vision" for the reserve. Also, there was very little 'organisational memory' to enable decision making at Nylsvley because of high staff turnover and poor information records. The interface developed in this study took the form of an 'objectives hierarchy'. The objectives hierarchy was developed to enable conservation organisations to translate policy (vision) into focused, purposeful action (operational goals), thus ensuring thatthe management is more goal orientated and providing scientists with the managers information requirements. This enables the scientists to provide the information that managers require, ir :le format that is most useful to them. Linked to the development of the objectives hierarchy for the Nylsvley Nature Reserve was the need for a mechanism to ensure 'organisational memory', Organisational memory is necessary to ensure continuity in the conservation management decision making environment, Thus a product from the interface was the Nylsvley Management Information System, a prototype computer program which ensures that the managers have access to information relevant for decision-making. Fundamental to the development of the interrace for Nylsvley was the development of informal collegia (networks), with contact inside and outside the conservation organisation. These informal collegia were necessary for overcoming bureaucratic resistence to change, and fc: building mutual respect and trust which was imperative for the development of a successful interface

Modelling the transport of lactic acid, sodium chloride and reducing sugars in carrot slices submerged in brines - Part II. Multivariate approach

In this paper following a methodology of (nested) increasing model complexity, it was found that the apparent diffusivities and the partition coefficients associated with the transport of lactic acid and sodium chloride from the brine into carrot slices submerged therein can be modelled as functions of temperature using Arrhenius-type relationships and as exponential functions of the initial concentrations of either solute in the brine. The apparent diffusivities in the free liquid phase, in the case of transport of reducing sugars from the carrots to the brine, are assumed to vary with time as a consequence of the bursting of the carrot cells following first-order kinetics on both the concentration of intact cells and dead cells. In this case, and following a similar methodology, the apparent diffusivity in the free liquid phase, the pseudo-firstorder rate constant for cell bursting, and the partition coefficients are well modelled when they are all assumed to follow temperature dependencies given by Arrhenius-type relationships; the dependencies on the initial concentration of salt in the brine were found not to be statistically significant. The underlying assumptions of normal distribution and constant variance were checked using plots of residuals, whereas the decision on the acceptable complexity of the nested models was taken based on the values of the F-distribution. The analysis developed is relevant for practical purposes because the multivariate models obtained in the form of correlations are simple functions of easily measured operating variables

Web conferencing systems: Skype and MSN in telepathology

Virtual pathology is a very important tool that can be used in several ways, including interconsultations with specialists in many areas and for frozen sections. We considered in this work the use of Windows Live Messenger and Skype for image transmission. The conference was made through wide broad internet using Nikon E 200 microscope and Digital Samsung Colour SCC-131 camera. Internet speed for transmission varied from 400 Kb to 2.0 Mb. Both programs allow voice transmission concomitant to image, so the communication between the involved pathologists was possible using microphones and speakers. Alive image could be seen by the receptor pathologist who was able to ask for moving the field or increase/diminish the augmentation. No phone call or typing required. The programs MSN and Skype can be used in many ways and with different operational systems installed in the computer. The capture system is simple and relatively cheap, what proves the viability of the system to be used in developing countries and in cities where do not exist pathologists. With the improvement of software and the improvement of digital image quality, associated to the use of the high speed broad band Internet this will be able to become a new modality in surgical pathology

Entrevista com Bárbara Weinstein

Entrevista com Bárbara Weinstein, professora do Departamento de História da Universidade de Nova Iorque e a atual presidente da American Historical Association (AHA), a mais importante instituição de historiadores dos Estados Unidos, fundada em 1884, que se dedica a promover a pesquisa e a conservação de acervos históricos

Kant após o fim da arte

O objetivo geral deste artigo é trazer a noção de “mera reflexão”, isto é, a reflexão como um sentimento, a fim de pensar o problema da recepção da arte contemporânea. São curiosas as perguntas que surgem neste período de condenação da arte, quais sejam: é possível definir “o que é arte”? Quais seriam os limites desta definição após o “fim da arte”? E no nosso interesse, até onde a estética kantiana pode nos ajudar a fornecer uma leitura da arte contemporânea? Este artigo busca responder a essas perguntas depois do prognóstico hegeliano do “fim da arte”. Para discutir essas questões, o artigo está estruturado em três partes. Primeiramente percorremos a noção do “fim da arte” em Hegel. Em seguida, discutimos a noção dantiana do “fim da história da arte” e descrevemos como “o mundo da arte” constitui uma legitimação problemática para a arte contemporânea. Assim, examinamos a forma impositiva com a qual o “mundo da arte” transfigura os objetos do cotidiano em obras de arte. Por fim, propomos a apropriação do conceito kantiano de “mera” reflexão para uma noção de legitimação autônoma da arte.

Modelling the transport of lactic acid, sodium chloride and reducing sugars in carrot slices submerged in brines - Part I. Univariate approach

The transport phenomena pertaining to the independent diffusion of lactic acid and sodium chloride from a brine into carrot slices submerged therein, and of reducing sugars in the opposite direction, were experimentally studied at various temperatures and initial concentrations of salt and acid in the brine. The data sets obtained at each combination of temperature and initial concentration of the brine were independently fit to three analytical models derived from just principles on three alternative mechanisms postulated for the time-variation of the diffusivity. Incremental sum of squares analyses have shown that the diffusion of acid and salt into the carrots is well described by a constant diffusivity, whereas the diffusion of reducing sugars out of the carrots is well described by a diffusivity undergoing a sigmoidal variation with time. This sigmoidal variation may be explained by the assumption that the bursting of the carrot cells is simultaneously proportional to the fraction of intact cells and the fraction of burst cells of the carrot material. The analysis developed is relevant because it allows an approximate prediction of the rates of acid and salt intake, as well as the release rates of reducing sugars, pertaining to bried carrot slices, the basic processes that occur during manufacture of lactic acid carrot pickles

Problema de localização de centrais telefonicas urbanas : uma nova abordagem

Orientadores: Paulo Morelato França, Hermano Medeiros Ferreira TavaresDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação CientíficaResumo: Não informado.Abstract: Not informed.MestradoMestre em Matemática Aplicad

Gudsforestillinger i religioner Sri Ramakrishna sin teologi om gudssyn

Oppgaven gjør rede for Ramakrishna sitt syn på gud. Han forklarer synet sitt gjennom sitater og sine disipler. Jeg har analysert sitatene hans og prøvd å knytte dem til religionsvitenskaplige fagbegreper. Jeg har også skrevet hvordan hans forhold til religioner kan være relevant for oss i dag.The thesis is an analysis on Ramakrishna's view of God. He explains his visions though quotes and his disciples. I have analyzed his quotes and tried to link them to terms used in religious studies. I have also discussed how his relationship to religions may be relevant to us today

Estudo do encapsulamento de metaloporfirinas na zeolita NaY : caracterização dos produtos e estudo da atividade catalitica

Orientadora: Shirley NakagakiDissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ParanaResumo: Metaloporfirinas sintéticas têm sido imobilizadas em suportes inorgânicos ou orgânicos visando a proteção do anel porfirínico, mimetizando o sistema biológico (citocromo P-450), no qual a metaloporfirina é envolvida por proteínas que lhe conferem funções específicas como por exemplo: ação catalítica. Neste trabalho foi realizado o encapsulamento de metaloporfirinas na zeólita NaY, pelo método de síntese do barco na garrafa, "ship-in-a-bottle". Foram utilizadas reações clássicas para a síntese de porfirinas, nos solventes: ácido propiônico, diclorometano ou metanol. Os reagentes para a síntese da TPP (pirrol e benzaldeído) e para a síntese da TMeP ( pirrol e acetaldeído) foram submetidos a refluxo para condensação do anel porfirínico juntamente com a zeólita contendo íons de metal de transição (Cu11, Fe" ou VO"). O estudo destes processos de síntese em ácido propiônico, diclorometano ou metanol como solvente e utilizando o íon Cu" como sonda, mostrou através da análise dos sobrenadantes (por Espectroscopia Eletrônica UV-Vis) e dos sólidos zeolíticos obtidos após cada reação (por Espectroscopia Eletrônica UV-Vis, Espectroscopia Vibracional FTIR, Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Difração de Raio X de pó), que o melhor método para obter metaloporfirinas encapsuladas foi aquele no qual o solvente da reação de encapsulamento foi o ácido propiônico. No sólido zeolítico resultante da reação realizada em ácido propiônico e purificado por extração contínua em extrator Soxhlet, foram caracterizadas as metaloporfirinas encapsuladas, através da banda Soret observada após a maceração do sólido zeolítico com nujol ou ataque com ácido sulfúrico concentrado seguida por análise por Espectroscopia Eletrônica UV-Vis. Os parâmetros de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica medidos para estes sólidos sugeriram um ambiente coordenante distorcido em torno do Cu" dentro da cavidade zeolítica, indicando a presença de complexo de tamanho superior a 13 Â intra cavidade, ou seja, de metaloporfirina. A análise por Difração de Raios-X do pó destes sólidos zeolíticos mostrou que a rede cristalina foi preservada durante a reação de encapsulamento e nas micrografias obtidas a superfície do sólido zeolítico apresentou-se sem filmes ou outros contaminantes externos. Após a realização deste estudo foram encapsuladas também metaloporfirinas de Fe"' e VO" na cavidade da zeólita NaY em ácido propiônico como solvente. Os produtos das reações de encapsulamento foram analisados por Espectroscopia Eletrônica UV-Vis, Espectroscopia Vibracional FTIR, Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica, Análise Química Elementar, Difração de Raio X de pó, Análise Térmica com Termogravimetria e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura simultâneas e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Carbono com polarização cruzada e rotação no ângulo mágico. Reações preliminares de oxidação do cicloexano na presença de iodosobenzeno como de doador de oxigênio foram realizadas empregando algumas metaloporfirinas encapsuladas na zeólita NaY como catalisador. Os produtos da reação de catálise foram analisados quantitativamente através da Cromatografia Gasosa pelo método de padronização interna. As reações utilizando a ferroporfirina encapsulada forneceram rendimentos de médios 14% de cicloexanol e 23% de cicloexanona em reações não otimizadas. O encapsulamento mostrou ser uma boa alternativa para a imobilização de metaloporfirinas, com compostos cataiiticamente ativos e de fácil recuperação após cada reação de oxidação do substrato.Abstract: Synthetic metalloporphyrins have been immobilized on inorganic or organic supports to protect the porphyrins in which it is mimicking the biological system (Citochrome P-450), which is surronded by specific proteins that confer specific properties like for example catalytic action. In this work were encapsulated metalloporphyrins of Cu", Fe"1 and VO11 into the large pore of NaY zeolite by a process of sequential introduction of components, followed assembly inside the void space of the zeolite namely "ship-in-a-bottle". The porphyrins were synthesized by classical procedures in propionic acid, dichloromethane or methanol as solvent. The porphyrin was assembled by the mixture of pyrrole and benzaldehyde (for TPP synthesis) or pyrrole and acetaldehyde (for TMeP synthesis) under reflux together to NaY zeolite containing transition metal ions such as (Cu11, Fe" or VO"). The appropriate approach uses propionic acid, dichloromethane or methanol as solvent and the Cu" ion as a probe in the metalloporphyrin encapsulated reaction. The analysis of the supernatant by UV-Vis Spectroscopy and the analysis of the zeolitic solids by UV-Vis Spectroscopy, FTIR Spectroscopy, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffraction, showed that the best solvent for the encapsulated reaction of metalloporphyrin was the propionic acid. After purification by Soxhlet extraction the product of the reaction in propionic acid was characterized by UV-Vis Spectroscopy indicated the presence of encapsulated metalloporphyrins, characterized by their typical Soret band. The EPR parameters suggested a distorted environment around Cu" in accord with the presence of the metalloporphyrin into the large pore of the zeolite. The pattern of X-Ray Powder Diffraction of these products showed that the crystallinity of the zeolite was maintained even after the encapsulation reaction. The micrographs obtained of its surfaces did not show films or external byproducts adsorbed. After that the metalloporphyrins of Fe1" and VO" were encapsulated using propionic acid as solvent, the products of these reactions were analyzed by UVVis Spectroscopy, FTIR Spectroscopy, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Absorption, Elemental Analyses, X Ray Powder Diffraction, Thermal Analyses with Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Carbon with Cross Polarization and Magic Angle Spinning. The reaction of oxidation of ciclohexane in the presence of iodosylbenzene as an oxygen donor has been performed using some metalloporphyrins encapsulated in the zeolite as catalysts. The products of the catalysis reaction were quantity analyzed by Gas Chromatography using the method of internal standard. The reaction using the ironporphyrin encapsulated into zeolite yielded 14% of ciclohexanol and 23% of ciclohexanone in some preliminary reactions. The encapsulation showed to be a good alternative to immobilize metalloporphyrins, the compounds are active for catalytic reactions and easy to recover after each oxidation reaction of the substracts.Resumo: Metaloporfirinas sintéticas têm sido imobilizadas em suportes inorgânicos ou orgânicos visando a proteção do anel porfirínico, mimetizando o sistema biológico (citocromo P-450), no qual a metaloporfirina é envolvida por proteínas que lhe conferem funções específicas como por exemplo: ação catalítica. Neste trabalho foi realizado o encapsulamento de metaloporfirinas na zeólita NaY, pelo método de síntese do barco na garrafa, "ship-in-a-bottle". Foram utilizadas reações clássicas para a síntese de porfirinas, nos solventes: ácido propiônico, diclorometano ou metanol. Os reagentes para a síntese da TPP (pirrol e benzaldeído) e para a síntese da TMeP ( pirrol e acetaldeído) foram submetidos a refluxo para condensação do anel porfirínico juntamente com a zeólita contendo íons de metal de transição (Cu11, Fe" ou VO"). O estudo destes processos de síntese em ácido propiônico, diclorometano ou metanol como solvente e utilizando o íon Cu" como sonda, mostrou através da análise dos sobrenadantes (por Espectroscopia Eletrônica UV-Vis) e dos sólidos zeolíticos obtidos após cada reação (por Espectroscopia Eletrônica UV-Vis, Espectroscopia Vibracional FTIR, Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Difração de Raio X de pó), que o melhor método para obter metaloporfirinas encapsuladas foi aquele no qual o solvente da reação de encapsulamento foi o ácido propiônico. No sólido zeolítico resultante da reação realizada em ácido propiônico e purificado por extração contínua em extrator Soxhlet, foram caracterizadas as metaloporfirinas encapsuladas, através da banda Soret observada após a maceração do sólido zeolítico com nujol ou ataque com ácido sulfúrico concentrado seguida por análise por Espectroscopia Eletrônica UV-Vis. Os parâmetros de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica medidos para estes sólidos sugeriram um ambiente coordenante distorcido em torno do Cu" dentro da cavidade zeolítica, indicando a presença de complexo de tamanho superior a 13 Â intra cavidade, ou seja, de metaloporfirina. A análise por Difração de Raios-X do pó destes sólidos zeolíticos mostrou que a rede cristalina foi preservada durante a reação de encapsulamento e nas micrografias obtidas a superfície do sólido zeolítico apresentou-se sem filmes ou outros contaminantes externos. Após a realização deste estudo foram encapsuladas também metaloporfirinas de Fe"' e VO" na cavidade da zeólita NaY em ácido propiônico como solvente. Os produtos das reações de encapsulamento foram analisados por Espectroscopia Eletrônica UV-Vis, Espectroscopia Vibracional FTIR, Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica, Análise Química Elementar, Difração de Raio X de pó, Análise Térmica com Termogravimetria e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura simultâneas e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Carbono com polarização cruzada e rotação no ângulo mágico. Reações preliminares de oxidação do cicloexano na presença de iodosobenzeno como de doador de oxigênio foram realizadas empregando algumas metaloporfirinas encapsuladas na zeólita NaY como catalisador. Os produtos da reação de catálise foram analisados quantitativamente através da Cromatografia Gasosa pelo método de padronização interna. As reações utilizando a ferroporfirina encapsulada forneceram rendimentos de médios 14% de cicloexanol e 23% de cicloexanona em reações não otimizadas. O encapsulamento mostrou ser uma boa alternativa para a imobilização de metaloporfirinas, com compostos cataiiticamente ativos e de fácil recuperação após cada reação de oxidação do substrato.Abstract: Synthetic metalloporphyrins have been immobilized on inorganic or organic supports to protect the porphyrins in which it is mimicking the biological system (Citochrome P-450), which is surronded by specific proteins that confer specific properties like for example catalytic action. In this work were encapsulated metalloporphyrins of Cu", Fe"1 and VO11 into the large pore of NaY zeolite by a process of sequential introduction of components, followed assembly inside the void space of the zeolite namely "ship-in-a-bottle". The porphyrins were synthesized by classical procedures in propionic acid, dichloromethane or methanol as solvent. The porphyrin was assembled by the mixture of pyrrole and benzaldehyde (for TPP synthesis) or pyrrole and acetaldehyde (for TMeP synthesis) under reflux together to NaY zeolite containing transition metal ions such as (Cu11, Fe" or VO"). The appropriate approach uses propionic acid, dichloromethane or methanol as solvent and the Cu" ion as a probe in the metalloporphyrin encapsulated reaction. The analysis of the supernatant by UV-Vis Spectroscopy and the analysis of the zeolitic solids by UV-Vis Spectroscopy, FTIR Spectroscopy, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffraction, showed that the best solvent for the encapsulated reaction of metalloporphyrin was the propionic acid. After purification by Soxhlet extraction the product of the reaction in propionic acid was characterized by UV-Vis Spectroscopy indicated the presence of encapsulated metalloporphyrins, characterized by their typical Soret band. The EPR parameters suggested a distorted environment around Cu" in accord with the presence of the metalloporphyrin into the large pore of the zeolite. The pattern of X-Ray Powder Diffraction of these products showed that the crystallinity of the zeolite was maintained even after the encapsulation reaction. The micrographs obtained of its surfaces did not show films or external byproducts adsorbed. After that the metalloporphyrins of Fe1" and VO" were encapsulated using propionic acid as solvent, the products of these reactions were analyzed by UVVis Spectroscopy, FTIR Spectroscopy, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Absorption, Elemental Analyses, X Ray Powder Diffraction, Thermal Analyses with Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Carbon with Cross Polarization and Magic Angle Spinning. The reaction of oxidation of ciclohexane in the presence of iodosylbenzene as an oxygen donor has been performed using some metalloporphyrins encapsulated in the zeolite as catalysts. The products of the catalysis reaction were quantity analyzed by Gas Chromatography using the method of internal standard. The reaction using the ironporphyrin encapsulated into zeolite yielded 14% of ciclohexanol and 23% of ciclohexanone in some preliminary reactions. The encapsulation showed to be a good alternative to immobilize metalloporphyrins, the compounds are active for catalytic reactions and easy to recover after each oxidation reaction of the substracts